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# Special Issue "Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application"

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2020.

## Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Rahmat Ellahi
Website
Guest Editor
1: Fulbright Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside, USA
2: Chair Professor, Center for Modeling & Computer Simulation, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
3: Ex and founder Chairman, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, IIUI, Islamabad, Pakistan
Interests: fluid mechanics; nanofluid; heat transfer; porous media; boundary value problems, peristaltic motion and Blood flow
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## Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to take this opportunity to invite researchers to contribute their original research work and review articles to this Special Issue on “Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film: Modeling and Application” to be published in Coatings. The goal of this Special Issue is to address challenges and current issues that either advance the state-of-the-art of experimental, numerical and theoretical methodologies or extends the bounds of existing methodologies to new contributions related to coatings and thin film containing whichever, magnetic, multiphase, material science, nanotechnology, surfaces, interfaces and mechanical sensing properties. We hope that this issue will, not only provide an overall picture and most up-to-date findings to readers from the scientific community working in the field, but would also benefit the industrial sectors in specific market niches and end users.

Potential topics dealing with the following subheadings are deemed suitable for publication (but are not limited to):

• Development and characterization of coatings
• Applications of thin films
• Nanostructured materials
• Surfaces and interfaces
• Applications of multiphase fluids
• Mathematical modeling on biological applications
• Electronics, magnetics and magneto-optics

Prof. Dr. Rahmat Ellahi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.ynsqex.icu by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

## Published Papers (25 papers)

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# Research

Open AccessArticle
Mathematical Analysis of Entropy Generation in the Flow of Viscoelastic Nanofluid through an Annular Region of Two Asymmetric Annuli Having Flexible Surfaces
Coatings 2020, 10(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030213 - 28 Feb 2020
Abstract
In this manuscript, the authors developed the mathematical model for entropy generation analysis during the peristaltic propulsion of Jeffrey nanofluids passing in a midst of two eccentric asymmetric annuli. The model was structured by implementation of lubrication perspective and dimensionless strategy. Entropy generation [...] Read more.
In this manuscript, the authors developed the mathematical model for entropy generation analysis during the peristaltic propulsion of Jeffrey nanofluids passing in a midst of two eccentric asymmetric annuli. The model was structured by implementation of lubrication perspective and dimensionless strategy. Entropy generation caused by the irreversible influence of heat and mass transfer of nanofluid and viscous dissipation of the considered liquid was taken into consideration. The governing equations were handled by a powerful analytical technique (HPM). The comparison of total entropy with the partial entropy was also invoked by discussing Bejan number results. The influence of various associated variables on the profiles of velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, entropy generation and Bejan number was formulated by portraying the figures. Mainly from graphical observations, we analyzed that, in the matter of thermophoresis parameter and Brownian motion parameter, entropy generation is thoroughly enhanced while inverse readings were reported for the temperature difference parameter and the ratio of temperature to concentration parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
MHD Effects on Ciliary-Induced Peristaltic Flow Coatings with Rheological Hybrid Nanofluid
Coatings 2020, 10(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020186 - 19 Feb 2020
Abstract
Present theoretical investigation is a mathematical illustration of an application to endoscopy by incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and an induced magnetic field with a rheological fluid model for more realistic results. Rheological fluid behavior is characterized by the Ostwald-de-Waele power-law model. A hybrid nanofluid [...] Read more.
Present theoretical investigation is a mathematical illustration of an application to endoscopy by incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and an induced magnetic field with a rheological fluid model for more realistic results. Rheological fluid behavior is characterized by the Ostwald-de-Waele power-law model. A hybrid nanofluid mechanism is considered comprising platelet-shaped nanoparticles since nanoparticles are potential drug transportation tools in biomedical applications. Moreover, ciliary activity is encountered regarding their extensive applications in performing complex functions along with buoyancy effects. An endoscope is inserted inside a ciliated tube and peristalsis occurred due to ciliary activity in the gap between tube and endoscope. A non-Newtonian model is developed by mathematical formulation which is tackled analytically using homotopy analysis. The outcomes are interpreted graphically along with the pressure rise and streamlining configuration for the case of negligible inertial forces and long wavelength. A three-dimensional graphical interpretation of axial velocity is studied as well. Moreover, tables are prepared and displayed for a more physical insight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Double Diffusion Convection on Third Grade Nanofluid through a Curved Compliant Peristaltic Channel
Coatings 2020, 10(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020154 - 08 Feb 2020
Abstract
Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with improved thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance. Double diffusion convection plays an important role in natural processes and technical applications. The effect of double convection by diffusion is not limited to oceanography, but is also evident [...] Read more.
Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with improved thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance. Double diffusion convection plays an important role in natural processes and technical applications. The effect of double convection by diffusion is not limited to oceanography, but is also evident in geology, astrophysics, and metallurgy. For such a vital role of such factors in applications, the authors have presented the analytical solutions of pumping flow of third-grade nanofluid and described the effects of double diffusion convection through a compliant curved channel. The model used for the third-grade nanofluid includes the presence of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Additionally, thermal energy expressions suggest regular diffusion and cross-diffusion terms. The governing equations have been constructed for incompressible laminar flow of the non-Newtonian nanofluid along with the assumption of long wavelength. The obtained analytical expressions for velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration have been sketched for various considerable parameters. The effects of regular buoyancy ratio, buoyancy parameter, modified Dufour parameter, and Dufour-solutal Lewis number have been analyzed along with wall properties and pumping characteristics. This study concludes that fluid becomes hotter with increase in regular buoyancy ratio and a modified Dufour parameter, but a decrease in temperature is observed for the buoyancy parameter. Moreover, the solutal concentration is behaving inversely against the Defour-Solutal Lewis number. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Buoyancy Driven Flow with Gas-Liquid Coatings of Peristaltic Bubbly Flow in Elastic Walls
Coatings 2020, 10(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020115 - 30 Jan 2020
Abstract
In this paper, liquid coatings of bubbly flow with peristaltic motion inside elastic walls is investigated. The proposed model is constructed using the two-fluid approach with the most distinctive collaboration among gas, fluid, pressure, and drag forces. Variation in pressure leads to a [...] Read more.
In this paper, liquid coatings of bubbly flow with peristaltic motion inside elastic walls is investigated. The proposed model is constructed using the two-fluid approach with the most distinctive collaboration among gas, fluid, pressure, and drag forces. Variation in pressure leads to a change in void fraction. The differential controlling conditions affected by the long wavelength of the peristaltic wave and the slow movement are taken into account. Analytical results of the simplified governing equations are obtained using the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The features of the significant parameters are shown and examined graphically. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Significance of Arrhenius Activation Energy and Binary Chemical Reaction in Mixed Convection Flow of Nanofluid Due to a Rotating Disk
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010086 - 20 Jan 2020
Abstract
This article addresses mixed convective 3D nanoliquid flow by a rotating disk with activation energy and magnetic field. Flow was created by a rotating disk. Velocity, concentration and temperature slips at the surface of a rotating disk were considered. Impacts of Brownian diffusion [...] Read more.
This article addresses mixed convective 3D nanoliquid flow by a rotating disk with activation energy and magnetic field. Flow was created by a rotating disk. Velocity, concentration and temperature slips at the surface of a rotating disk were considered. Impacts of Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic were additionally accounted for. The non-linear frameworks are simplified by suitable variables. The shooting method is utilized to develop the numerical solution of resulting problem. Plots were prepared just to explore that how concentration and temperature are impacted by different pertinent flow parameters. Sherwood and Nusselt numbers were additionally plotted and explored. Furthermore, the concentration and temperature were enhanced for larger values of Hartman number. However, the heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) diminishes when the thermophoresis parameter enlarges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
On Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of Viscoelastic Nanofluids with Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010055 - 09 Jan 2020
Abstract
This article explores magnetohydrodynamic stretched flow of viscoelastic nanofluids with heterogeneous–homogeneous reactions. Attention in modeling has been specially focused to constitutive relations of viscoelastic fluids. The heat and mass transport process is explored by thermophoresis and Brownian dispersion. Resulting nonlinear systems are computed [...] Read more.
This article explores magnetohydrodynamic stretched flow of viscoelastic nanofluids with heterogeneous–homogeneous reactions. Attention in modeling has been specially focused to constitutive relations of viscoelastic fluids. The heat and mass transport process is explored by thermophoresis and Brownian dispersion. Resulting nonlinear systems are computed for numerical solutions. Findings for temperature, concentration, concentration rate, skin-friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are analyzed for both second grade and elastico-viscous fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Analysis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluid Unsteady Flow Amid Two Rotating Disks with Hall Current Coatings and Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010048 - 05 Jan 2020
Abstract
In the present exploration, our objective is to investigate the importance of Hall current coatings in the establishment of Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux model in an unsteady aqueous-based nanofluid flow comprising single (SWCNTs) and multi-walled (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) amid two parallel rotating [...] Read more.
In the present exploration, our objective is to investigate the importance of Hall current coatings in the establishment of Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux model in an unsteady aqueous-based nanofluid flow comprising single (SWCNTs) and multi-walled (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) amid two parallel rotating stretchable disks. The novelty of the presented model is strengthened with the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous (HH) reactions and thermal stratification effects. The numerical solution of the system of coupled differential equations with high nonlinearity is obtained by applying the bvp4c function of MATLAB software. To corroborate the authenticity of the present envisioned mathematical model, a comparison table is added to this study in limiting case. An excellent harmony between the two results is obtained. Effects of numerous parameters on involved distributions are displayed graphically and are argued logically in the light of physical laws. Numerical values of coefficient of drag force and Nusselt number are also tabulated for different parameters. It is observed that tangential velocity (function of rotation parameter) is increasing for both CNTs. Further, the incremental values of thermal stratification parameter cause the decrease in fluid temperature parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Velocity Second Slip and Inclined Magnetic Field on Peristaltic Flow Coating with Jeffrey Fluid in Tapered Channel
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010030 - 01 Jan 2020
Cited by 1
Abstract
The peristaltic flow of velocity second slip boundary conditions and inclined magnetic field of Jeffrey fluid by means of heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channel was inspected in the present study. Leading equations described the existing flow were then simplified under lubrication [...] Read more.
The peristaltic flow of velocity second slip boundary conditions and inclined magnetic field of Jeffrey fluid by means of heat and mass transfer in asymmetric channel was inspected in the present study. Leading equations described the existing flow were then simplified under lubrication approach. Therefore, exact solutions of stream function, concentration and temperature were deduced. Further, the numerical solutions of pressure rise and pressure gradient were computed using Mathematica software. Furthermore, the effect of the second slip parameter was argued via graphs. It has been depicted that this kind of slip is mandatory and very imperative to foresee the physical model. On the other hand, false results will be obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Second-Order Slip and Double Stratification Coatings on 3D MHD Williamson Nanofluid Flow with Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux
Coatings 2019, 9(12), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120849 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 2
Abstract
The present research examines the impact of second-order slip with thermal and solutal stratification coatings on three-dimensional (3D) Williamson nanofluid flow past a bidirectional stretched surface and envisages it analytically. The novelty of the analysis is strengthened by Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux accompanying [...] Read more.
The present research examines the impact of second-order slip with thermal and solutal stratification coatings on three-dimensional (3D) Williamson nanofluid flow past a bidirectional stretched surface and envisages it analytically. The novelty of the analysis is strengthened by Cattaneo–Christov (CC) heat flux accompanying varying thermal conductivity. The appropriate set of transformations is implemented to get a differential equation system with high nonlinearity. The structure is addressed via the homotopy analysis technique. The authenticity of the presented model is verified by creating a comparison with the limited published results and finding harmony between the two. The impacts of miscellaneous arising parameters are deliberated through graphical structures. Some useful tabulated values of arising parameters versus physical quantities are also discussed here. It is observed that velocity components exhibit an opposite trend with respect to the stretching ratio parameter. Moreover, the Brownian motion parameter shows the opposite behavior versus temperature and concentration distributions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Convective Heat Transfer and Magnetohydrodynamics across a Peristaltic Channel Coated with Nonlinear Nanofluid
Coatings 2019, 9(12), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120816 - 02 Dec 2019
Cited by 3
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to present an analytical and numerical treatment of a two-dimensional peristaltic channel along with the coating of laminar layers of nanoparticles with non-Newtonian (Williamson) base liquid. In addition to this, convective heat transfer and magnetic field [...] Read more.
The aim of the current study is to present an analytical and numerical treatment of a two-dimensional peristaltic channel along with the coating of laminar layers of nanoparticles with non-Newtonian (Williamson) base liquid. In addition to this, convective heat transfer and magnetic field effects also take into consideration. The geometry is considered as an asymmetric two dimensional channel experiencing sinusoidal waves propagating across the walls. The walls are supposed to have heat convection at the upper wall and the lower wall is having no temperature gradient. The problem is manufactured under the theory of lubrication approach. The mathematical models are evolved by using appropriate transformations. The obtained nonlinear differential equations are solved analytically. Graphical features are presented to find the influence of emerging physical parameters on the stream function, velocity of the nanofluid, heat transfer, nanoparticles concentration, pressure gradient, and pressure increase. It is found that the velocity decreases in the lower part while increasing in the upper side of the channel in the presence of nanoparticles. The temperature is becoming large with increasing amount of nanoparticles and heat convection at the boundaries. It is also observed that nanoparticle concentration is getting higher with Brownian motion parameter, but fluid becomes less thermal against thermophoresis parameter. The streamlines phenomenon clearly reflects the asymmetry of the channel. The characteristics of viscous fluid can be recovered by switching the Weissenbureg number (We) to zero. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Investigation of Multiple Solutions for Caputo Fractional-Order-Two Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Unsteady Flow of Generalized Viscous Fluid over a Shrinking Sheet Using the Adams-Type Predictor-Corrector Method
Coatings 2019, 9(9), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090548 - 27 Aug 2019
Cited by 1
Abstract
In this paper, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow over a shrinking sheet and heat transfer with viscous dissipation has been studied. The governing equations of the considered problem are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The resultant equations are converted into a system [...] Read more.
In this paper, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow over a shrinking sheet and heat transfer with viscous dissipation has been studied. The governing equations of the considered problem are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The resultant equations are converted into a system of fractional differential boundary layer equations by employing a Caputo derivative which is then solved numerically using the Adams-type predictor-corrector method (APCM). The results show the existence of two ranges of solutions, namely, dual solutions and no solution. Moreover, the results indicate that dual solutions exist for a certain range of specific parameters which are in line with the results of some previously published work. It is also observed that the velocity boundary layer decreases as the suction and magnetic parameters increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Triple Local Similarity Solutions of Darcy-Forchheimer Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Flow of Micropolar Nanofluid Over an Exponential Shrinking Surface: Stability Analysis
Coatings 2019, 9(8), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080527 - 20 Aug 2019
Cited by 6
Abstract
In this paper, the MHD flow of a micropolar nanofluid on an exponential sheet in an Extended-Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium have been considered. Buongiorno’s model is considered in order to formulate a mathematical model with different boundary conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) [...] Read more.
In this paper, the MHD flow of a micropolar nanofluid on an exponential sheet in an Extended-Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium have been considered. Buongiorno’s model is considered in order to formulate a mathematical model with different boundary conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) of the nanofluid flow are changed into a third order non-linear quasi-ordinary differential equation (ODE), using the pseudo-similarity variable. The resultant ODEs of the boundary value problems (BVPs) are renewed into initial value problems (IVPs) using a shooting method, and then the IVPs are solved by a fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK) method. The effects of various physical parameters on the profiles of velocity, temperature, microrotation velocity, concentration, skin friction, couple stress coefficients, heat, and concentration transfer are demonstrated graphically. The results reveal that triple solutions appear when $S ≥ 2.0337$ for $K = 0.1$ and $S ≥ 2.7148$ for $K = 0.2$ . A stability analysis has been performed to show the stability of the solutions; only the first solution is stable and physically possible, whereas the remaining two solutions are not stable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of the Variable Viscosity on the Peristaltic Flow of Newtonian Fluid Coated with Magnetic Field: Application of Adomian Decomposition Method for Endoscope
Coatings 2019, 9(8), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080524 - 16 Aug 2019
Cited by 4
Abstract
In the present analysis, peristaltic flow was discussed for MHD Newtonian fluid through the gap between two coaxial tubes, where the viscosity of the fluid is treated as variable. In addition, the inner tube was considered to be at rest, while the outer [...] Read more.
In the present analysis, peristaltic flow was discussed for MHD Newtonian fluid through the gap between two coaxial tubes, where the viscosity of the fluid is treated as variable. In addition, the inner tube was considered to be at rest, while the outer tube had the sinusoidal wave traveling down its motion. Further, the assumptions of long wave length and low Reynolds number were taken into account for the formulation of the problem. A closed form solution is presented for general viscosity using the Adomian decomposition method. Numerical illustrations that show the physical effects and pertinent features were investigated for different physical included phenomenon. It was found that the pressure rise increases with an increase in Hartmann number, and frictional forces for the outer and inner tube decrease with an increase in Hartmann number when the viscosity is constant. It was also observed that the size of the trapping bolus decreases with an increase in Hartmann number, and increases with an increase in amplitude ratio when the viscosity is parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of MHD on Thermal Behavior of Darcy-Forchheimer Nanofluid Thin Film Flow over a Nonlinear Stretching Disc
Coatings 2019, 9(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9070446 - 17 Jul 2019
Cited by 12
Abstract
The aim of this research work is to increase our understanding of the exhaustion of energy in engineering and industrial fields. The study of nanofluids provides extraordinary thermal conductivity and an increased heat transmission coefficient compared to conventional fluids. These specific sorts of [...] Read more.
The aim of this research work is to increase our understanding of the exhaustion of energy in engineering and industrial fields. The study of nanofluids provides extraordinary thermal conductivity and an increased heat transmission coefficient compared to conventional fluids. These specific sorts of nanofluids are important for the succeeding generation of flow and heat transfer fluids. Therefore, the investigation of revolutionary new nanofluids has been taken up by researchers and engineers all over the world. In this article, the study of the thin layer flow of Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid over a nonlinear radially extending disc is presented. The disc is considered as porous. The impacts of thermal radiation, magnetic field, and heat source/sink are especially focused on. The magnetic field, positive integer, porosity parameter, coefficient of inertia, and fluid layer thickness reduce the velocity profile. The Prandtl number and fluid layer thickness reduce the temperature profile. The heat source/sink, Eckert number, and thermal radiation increase the temperature profile. The suggested model is solved analytically by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The analytical and numerical techniques are compared through graphs and tables, and have shown good agreement. The influences of embedded parameters on the flow problem are revealed through graphs and tables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Thermally Charged MHD Bi-Phase Flow Coatings with Non-Newtonian Nanofluid and Hafnium Particles along Slippery Walls
Coatings 2019, 9(5), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050300 - 02 May 2019
Cited by 17
Abstract
The present study is about the pressure-driven heated bi-phase flow in two slippery walls. The non-Newtonian couple stress fluid is suspended with spherically homogenous metallic particles. The magnetic susceptibility of Hafnium allures is taken into account. The rough surface of the wall is [...] Read more.
The present study is about the pressure-driven heated bi-phase flow in two slippery walls. The non-Newtonian couple stress fluid is suspended with spherically homogenous metallic particles. The magnetic susceptibility of Hafnium allures is taken into account. The rough surface of the wall is tackled by lubrication effects. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations along with the associated boundary conditions are first reduced into a set of ordinary differential equations by using appropriate transformations and then numerical results were obtained by engaging the blend of Runge–Kutta and shooting techniques. The sway of physical quantities are examined graphically. An excellent agreement within graphical illustration and numerical results is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
A Thin Film Flow of Nanofluid Comprising Carbon Nanotubes Influenced by Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux and Entropy Generation
Coatings 2019, 9(5), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050296 - 01 May 2019
Cited by 10
Abstract
This study aims to scrutinize the thin film flow of a nanofluid comprising of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), single and multi-walled i.e., (SWCNTs and MWCNTs), with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and entropy generation. The time-dependent flow is supported by thermal radiation, variable source/sink, and magneto [...] Read more.
This study aims to scrutinize the thin film flow of a nanofluid comprising of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), single and multi-walled i.e., (SWCNTs and MWCNTs), with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and entropy generation. The time-dependent flow is supported by thermal radiation, variable source/sink, and magneto hydrodynamics past a linearly stretched surface. The obtained system of equations is addressed by the numerical approach bvp4c of the MATLAB software. The presented results are validated by comparing them to an already conducted study and an excellent synchronization in both results is achieved. The repercussions of the arising parameters on the involved profiles are portrayed via graphical illustrations and numerically erected tables. It is seen that the axial velocity decreases as the value of film thickness parameter increases. It is further noticed that for both types of CNTs, the velocity and temperature distributions increase as the solid volume fraction escalates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Three-Dimensional Casson Nanofluid Thin Film Flow over an Inclined Rotating Disk with the Impact of Heat Generation/Consumption and Thermal Radiation
Coatings 2019, 9(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040248 - 15 Apr 2019
Cited by 19
Abstract
In this research, the three-dimensional nanofluid thin-film flow of Casson fluid over an inclined steady rotating plane is examined. A thermal radiated nanofluid thin film flow is considered with suction/injection effects. With the help of similarity variables, the partial differential equations (PDEs) are [...] Read more.
In this research, the three-dimensional nanofluid thin-film flow of Casson fluid over an inclined steady rotating plane is examined. A thermal radiated nanofluid thin film flow is considered with suction/injection effects. With the help of similarity variables, the partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The obtained ODEs are solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM) with the association of MATHEMATICA software. The boundary-layer over an inclined steady rotating plane is plotted and explored in detail for the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Also, the surface rate of heat transfer and shear stress are described in detail. The impact of numerous embedded parameters, such as the Schmidt number, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoretic parameter, and Casson parameter (Sc, Nb, Nt, γ), etc., were examined on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, respectively. The essential terms of the Nusselt number and Sherwood number were also examined numerically and physically for the temperature and concentration profiles. It was observed that the radiation source improves the energy transport to enhance the flow motion. The smaller values of the Prandtl number, Pr, augmented the thermal boundary-layer and decreased the flow field. The increasing values of the rotation parameter decreased the thermal boundary layer thickness. These outputs are examined physically and numerically and are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Unsteady Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid Using Blasius–Rayleigh–Stokes Variable
Coatings 2019, 9(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030211 - 25 Mar 2019
Abstract
This article investigates the unsteady flow and heat transfer analyses of a viscous-based nanofluid over a moving surface emerging from a moving slot. This new form of boundary layer flow resembles with the boundary layer flow over a stretching/shrinking surface depending on the [...] Read more.
This article investigates the unsteady flow and heat transfer analyses of a viscous-based nanofluid over a moving surface emerging from a moving slot. This new form of boundary layer flow resembles with the boundary layer flow over a stretching/shrinking surface depending on the motion of the moving slot. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to correct similar form using the Blasius–Rayleigh–Stokes variable. The transformed equations are solved numerically. Existence of dual solutions is observed for a certain range of moving slot parameter. The range of dual solution is strongly influenced by Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion of nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
MHD Thin Film Flow and Thermal Analysis of Blood with CNTs Nanofluid
Coatings 2019, 9(3), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030175 - 06 Mar 2019
Cited by 10
Abstract
Our main objective in the present work is to elaborate the characteristics of heat transport and magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) finite film flow of human blood with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluids over a stretchable upright cylinder. Two kinds of CNTs nanoparticles, namely (i) SWCNTs (single [...] Read more.
Our main objective in the present work is to elaborate the characteristics of heat transport and magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) finite film flow of human blood with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluids over a stretchable upright cylinder. Two kinds of CNTs nanoparticles, namely (i) SWCNTs (single walled carbon nanotubes) and (ii) MWCNTs (multi walled carbon nanotubes), are used with human blood as a base liquid. In addition, a uniform magnetic field (B) has been conducted perpendicularly to the motion of nanoliquid. The transformation of the partial differential structure into a non-linear ordinary differential structure is made by using appropriate dimensionless quantities. The controlling approach of the Homotopy analysis method (HAM) has been executed for the result of the velocity and temperature. The thickness of the coating film has been kept variable. The pressure distribution under the variable thickness of the liquid film has been calculated. The impacts of different variables and rate of spray during coating have been graphically plotted. The coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number have been presented numerically. In addition, it is noticed that the thermal field of a nanoliquid elevates with rising values of ? and this increase is more in SWCNTs nanofluid than MWCNTs nanofluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Manufacturing of Double Layer Optical Fiber Coating Using Phan-Thien-Tanner Fluid as Coating Material
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020147 - 24 Feb 2019
Cited by 5
Abstract
Modern optical fiber required a double-layer resin coating on the glass fiber to provide protection from signal attenuation and mechanical damage. The most important plastics resin used in coating of fiber optics are plasticized polyvinyle (PVC), low/high density polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE), nylon, and polysulfone. [...] Read more.
Modern optical fiber required a double-layer resin coating on the glass fiber to provide protection from signal attenuation and mechanical damage. The most important plastics resin used in coating of fiber optics are plasticized polyvinyle (PVC), low/high density polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE), nylon, and polysulfone. Polymer flow during optical fiber coating in a pressure type coating die has been simulated under non-isothermal conditions. The flow dependent on the wire or fiber velocity, geometry of the die, and the viscosity of the polymer. The wet-on-wet coating process is an efficient process for two-layer coating on the fiber optics. In the present study, the constitutive equation of polymer flow satisfies viscoelastic Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid, is used to characterize rheology of the polymer melt. Based on the assumption of the fully developed incompressible and laminar flow, the viscoelastic fluid model of two-immiscible resins-layers modeled for simplified-geometry of capillary-annulus where the glass fiber drawing inside the die at high speed. The equation describing the flow of the polymer melt inside the die was solved, analytically and numerically, by the Runge-Kutta method. The effect of physical characteristics in the problem has been discussed in detail through graphs by assigning numerical values for several parameters of interest. It is observed that velocity increases with increasing values of $ε D 1 2 , ε D 2 2$ , $X 1$ , and $X 2$ . The volume flow rate increases with an increasing Deborah number. The thickness of coated fiber optic increases with increasing $ε D 1 2$ , $ε D 2 2$ , and $δ$ . Increase in Brinkman number and Deborah number enhances the rate of heat transfer. It is our first attempt to model PTT fluid as a coating material for double-layer optical fiber coating using the wet-on-wet coating process. At the end, the present study is also compared with the published work as a particular case, and good agreement is found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Thin Film Flow of Micropolar Fluid in a Permeable Medium
Coatings 2019, 9(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020098 - 06 Feb 2019
Cited by 5
Abstract
The thin film flow of micropolar fluid in a porous medium under the influence of thermophoresis with the heat effect past a stretching plate is analyzed. Micropolar fluid is assumed as a base fluid and the plate is considered to move with a [...] Read more.
The thin film flow of micropolar fluid in a porous medium under the influence of thermophoresis with the heat effect past a stretching plate is analyzed. Micropolar fluid is assumed as a base fluid and the plate is considered to move with a linear velocity and subject to the variation of the reference temperature and concentration. The latitude of flow is limited to being two-dimensional and is steadily affected by sensitive fluid film size with the effect of thermal radiation. The basic equations of fluid flow are changed through the similarity variables into a set of nonlinear coupled differential equations with physical conditions. The suitable transformations for the energy equation is used and the non-dimensional form of the temperature field are different from the published work. The problem is solved by using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The effects of radiation parameter R, vortex-viscosity parameter Δ, permeability parameter Mr, microrotation parameter Gr, Soret number Sr, thermophoretic parameter τ, inertia parameter Nr, Schmidt number Sc, and Prandtl number Pr are shown graphically and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Nanofluids Thin Film Flow of Reiner-Philippoff Fluid over an Unstable Stretching Surface with Brownian Motion and Thermophoresis Effects
Coatings 2019, 9(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010021 - 30 Dec 2018
Cited by 22
Abstract
The current investigation is carried out on the thin film flow of Reiner-Philippoff fluid of boundary-layer type. We have analyzed the flow of thin films of Reiner-Philippoff fluid in the changeable heat transmission and radiation over a time-dependent stretching sheet in 2D. The [...] Read more.
The current investigation is carried out on the thin film flow of Reiner-Philippoff fluid of boundary-layer type. We have analyzed the flow of thin films of Reiner-Philippoff fluid in the changeable heat transmission and radiation over a time-dependent stretching sheet in 2D. The time-dependent governing equations of Reiner-Philippoff fluid model are simplified with the help of transformation of similarity variables. To investigate the behavior of the Reiner-Philippoff fluid with variable stretching surface for different physical effects, we considered thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters in the flow. The Homotopy Analysis Method is implemented in the reduced model to achieve a solution of the original problem. A numerical convergence of the implemented method is also analyzed. The behavior of temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles have been investigated with the variation of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. A comparative graphical survey is presented for the velocity gradient, under different parameters. An analytical analysis is presented for the time-dependent parameter over thin film flow. The results we obtained are better than the previously available results. For the survey, the physical representation of the embedded parameters, like, $β$ depends on the stretching parameter $ζ$ , and the Reiner-Philippoff fluid parameter $?$ are discussed in detail and plotted graphically. Prandtl number $P r$ , Brownian motion parameter $N b$ , thermophoretic number $N t$ , and Schmidt number $S c$ are presented by graphs and discussed in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Nonlinear Thermal Radiation and Entropy Optimization Coatings with Hybrid Nanoliquid Flow Past a Curved Stretched Surface
Coatings 2018, 8(12), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120430 - 27 Nov 2018
Cited by 9
Abstract
The present investigation addresses the flow of hybrid (nickel–zinc ferrite and ethylene glycol) nanoliquid with entropy optimization and nonlinear thermal radiation coatings past a curved stretching surface. Analysis was carried out in the presence of magnetohydrodynamic, heat generation/absorption, and convective heat and mass [...] Read more.
The present investigation addresses the flow of hybrid (nickel–zinc ferrite and ethylene glycol) nanoliquid with entropy optimization and nonlinear thermal radiation coatings past a curved stretching surface. Analysis was carried out in the presence of magnetohydrodynamic, heat generation/absorption, and convective heat and mass flux conditions. Solution of the modeled problem was attained numerically using MATLAB built-in function bvp4c. Impacts of prominent parameters on betrothed distributions were depicted through graphs and were well supported by requisite discussions. Numerically calculated values of Sherwood number were established in a tabulated form and were scrutinized critically. An excellent concurrence was achieved when results of the presented model were compared with previously published result; hence, dependable results are being presented. It was observed that concentration field diminished with increasing values of curvature parameter, though the opposite trend was noticed for velocity and temperature distributions. Further, it was detected that Nusselt number decreased with augmented values of radiation and curvature parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Study of Shiny Film Coating on Multi-Fluid Flows of a Rotating Disk Suspended with Nano-Sized Silver and Gold Particles: A Comparative Analysis
Coatings 2018, 8(12), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120422 - 24 Nov 2018
Cited by 24
Abstract
The current effort is devoted to investigate the shiny thin film with a metallic tactile covering of nanoparticles over the surface of a rotating disk. To decorate, glowing silver and gold particles were chosen. Four illustrative base liquids, namely (i) ethanol, (ii) methanol, [...] Read more.
The current effort is devoted to investigate the shiny thin film with a metallic tactile covering of nanoparticles over the surface of a rotating disk. To decorate, glowing silver and gold particles were chosen. Four illustrative base liquids, namely (i) ethanol, (ii) methanol, (iii) ethylene-glycol, and (iv) water were considered with different geometries, which have great importance in industrial usage. An emphasis on comparative multi nanofluid analysis was used to make a sound judgment on which one of the fluids best suited the metallic glittering process of spin coating. The film thickness process highly depends on the process of evaporation, which takes some time to settle on the disk’s surface. It was found that of the base fluids, the best choices were ethanol alloys with silver. Hence, one can conclude that from an experimental point of view, if silver alloy is used for coating, then only those liquids can be considered that exhibit ethanol-like properties. The impact of pertinent parameters with different aspects are graphically illustrated in each case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Mass Transport with Asymmetric Peristaltic Propulsion Coated with Synovial Fluid
Coatings 2018, 8(11), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110407 - 16 Nov 2018
Cited by 5
Abstract
This article aims to model two-dimensional, incompressible asymmetric peristaltic propulsion coated with Synovial fluid (“non-Newtonian model”) with mass transport. Due to the coating of the same base-fluid at the surface of the channel, the boundaries become non-porous and exert no slip on the [...] Read more.
This article aims to model two-dimensional, incompressible asymmetric peristaltic propulsion coated with Synovial fluid (“non-Newtonian model”) with mass transport. Due to the coating of the same base-fluid at the surface of the channel, the boundaries become non-porous and exert no slip on the fluid particles. Two illustrative models for the viscosity, namely, shear-thinning (Model 1) and shear-thickening (Model 2), are considered, which reveal the presence and integrity of coating. The perturbation method has been applied to linearize the complicated differential equations. Model 1 predicted higher viscosity values and more significant non-Newtonian behavior than Model 2. It is also observed that the shear-thinning model behaved in quite the opposite manner for the shear thickening model. The converse behavior of Models 1 and 2 occurs due to a curvature of the flow domain. Moreover, Model 1 is not able to capture the correct exponential viscosity dependence on concentration for the whole range of shear rates. On the other hand, the second model shows a strong relationship with accurate power. Solutions are attained for velocity field, concentration profile, and pressure gradient. The novelty of all the essential parameters is analyzed through graphical results. Furthermore, streamlines are also drawn to determine the trapping mechanism. The present analysis is beneficial in the study of intrauterine fluid dynamics; furthermore, it is applicable in vivo diagnostic; drug delivery; food diagnostics; protein chips; and cell chips and packaging, i.e., smart sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Coatings and Thin Film–Modeling and Application)
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